By Dr. Yuimirin Kapai
Pringkishi Wungramli zimik katun mavaimana
(The sun never sets on the British Empire).
Yirkaphok
Ram katei ngasotnao-āmāwuili yaothuivāakha shimlungli makārsangranglaga āshi kayāngwui pamkhongli vāpamra. Na rāhairada katheieina shimwui pareinao-shanaobing nawui ngalemli kuktizanglaga soso rāchapra. Hithāda samphangkhuihailaga shimlungli zangnaora. Amazon ngahongli okathuiya Tapirapé kaho jātwui zātnākasā khararcham ākhana.
16th century li Shebshina rai rākatāmāngmajila kazāt kashi phungrāhaoda Amazon leiwukli okthuikasā miyurbing ngaphayāng zatthuingarokhaowa kala ngahong thukkhameivāk hongvāmamānhaowa. Tuiyur kala ngashan ngaruilāksālala miyur ākha sāsāya kajila malai ngarokhaowa. Mishān suitāmamānda Tapirapé 1900s ātamli kha phangāli okthui kasā, 1940s li kha khanimāng ngasāhaowa, āra kha ākhamāngli okthuiyiji. Amazon leiwuk kala ngahongwui jāt-yur kaikhali ngaheoyangakha, Tapirapé khamahaili zangluili. 1900s ātamli 230 jāt-yur leikasā 1980s li hangchishat shakha thishum-thiyumhairasāya.
Tuiphut
Tangkhul yur yumhaowa kaji ngavārala? Ithumwui yurmachut māngthuikahai leiralā? Tangkhul tui mamatuilui kaji atam rāpairalā? Chikathā ātam chi maphaningvārarmana, kha mirinyei ngachāna, jiakha kharing kharak shimpān-rampān kakhayei lah khangachei, maningakha ngayeithuikahai leiphalunga. Ngayeithuihailala yurmachut ngāktita ringrāshumkaje yurla ngavai. Āwo Raihao ringungda ājawui Hunphun thuitheisikaje Hunphunnadala makhuimara, ārui-āruiwui ngashanla Hunphunwui ngashanna machisāmara. Raihaowui ātameina āja okthot ngatamakha ngayeithuikahai kathāna, kha ithumwui shiyan chikān, khararcham kala khararchān awo-ayiwui ngashaneina ngasunrāshumhaowada kala chili shitsangda Tangkhul yurmachut singtita lei.
Thishumkahai Khararchān
Kateowa jāt-yurla hakkhamahā wungramla ngaraichāya. Pringkishi Wungramwui hakkhamahā chichingrada phaningsai. Americanaobingla chithāda phaningda leira. Machuk yanglu – okathuiwui lansin America wui pāngli khalei kathāna, khutlai āshili ngatamkapai maningmana, āshiwui ngashan okathuiwui ngashan ngasāhaira, āpamla haka, mila chungpapama. America na thot peida mungvāhaoki kajithāya. Kha wungramla, yur-jātla shimānkahai kachungkha lei. Ameoyan haokaphok ngavāya shimānkahaila leiya. Tuila chithāpapama. Roman Wungram ithumna shāsera, Caesar mingkhamayānga āwungalāka. Romannaobingla chichingrada phaningsāda leira.
Āchālakha Northeast li Ahomna mungsai. Pringkilila ngasungshapa, Āvā pāshilila rai sāshapsai. Ātam ākhali Singpho binghi pingpanglākeina okthui sai. Northeast kaphungnaowui ngachaili Pringkili ngasungrethui kaji yur Singpho pāshila ākhana. Luisao ātamli Assamwui leiwukli kasom mibingli tukkhuilaga raosāda lui sāmingasak sai. Chiwui ātamli Singpho thing hangmati shakha leisālapaida hānga. Āra Singpho thingkha shakha māng leiyiji.
Shimān kahaiya yur-jāt shānla makhuimara, tuila chithāpapama. Āchālakha mi million-millionna matuikasā lairik khamathāthā sakkhamataiya kachungkha kapikasā thikahaiya tui ngasāhaira – Latin, Sanskrit, kala Biblical Hebrew. Thuikahaiya zingkum hangtharuk ālungli India li tui 250 shakha shimān haira jiya. Chiwui ngachaili Ahom tuila ākhana. UNESCO na kahāng āthishurda Tangkhul tuila shimān kapaiya tuina (endangered language). Tuina kathāda shimānpai khalada phaninga, kha Tangkhul khawungwui ngachailila Marangphung tui shimānhaira. Khamatui mi teosangmamān, tui shimānmamāna. Kakapiya mi maleithuakha, tui chi leisayakaji āzak-āmahāla maleiluimana. Yur eina tuiva āpung eina āsham kathāna – āsham shimānhaiakha āpungla shimānhaomaya. Roman wungram ngachangkhaleo Latin tuila shimānhaowa.
Naga yur shimānkahai leirala? Tangkhul yurla māngthuihaowa kaji ngavārala? Tangkhul tui mamatuilui kaji atam rāpaila? Maningakha Tangkhul hi Jehudinaobingthāda yurmachut ngāktitta ringkashapa miyur ngasāshaprala?
Tangkhul Mirinyei
Tangkhul mirinyei machukakha matailāk kahaiya khangachei ātamret kathumeina shānkhuipai. Vareshi haokaphok (1900s), India ningkhān samkaphang (1950s), 2000s ātamli āyār ngaleili otpam phāvākhangarok. Ngararikmeida yangakha shengmeida theikhuipaira:
● 1893 – shim khāshinā mikaphok
● 1896 – William Pettigrewna Hunphun ngaleili mission haokaphok
● 1917 – France li khavā
● 1919 – Ukhrul li administrative office shokaphok
● 1927? – Tangkhul Union Education Fund (TUEF) haokaphok
● 1944 – Japanese Tangkhul ngaleili rākazang
● 1946? – Suisāna New Political Organization
● 1964 – Indo-Naga ceasefire
● 1970 – Naga Integration Movement
● 1972 – Manipur statehood
● 1980 – NSCN haokaphok
● 1997 – Indo-Naga Ceasefire
Pringkishi marāranglaga Tangkhulwui rinchān tangmangtingeina leikasākathāna. Ithumwui wordham , shiyan chikān, wurtam9 kala khararcham peilākeina phārimihaidalei. Kha ithumwui shimpān rampān yarkharum katharān kathāda ngacheimameikhala kajiwui khararchān manāla makhuimara. Shebshiwui ngashan ākhava kashok kazang otshot machukkakhui hāngchiphunngaroka kala kapishokngaroka. Āthumwui kapikahai kala awo-ayibingna hāngthikahai khararchān machukakha hāngkahaiya otshotbingchi ithumwui mirinyeili mataiyada shānkhui.
Pringkishina shimkhalākli lupā kathum khāshinā khuikaphokeina ithumwui leilon-otsak ngacheingasaka. Matailākeina ot eina ot ngatha khangaroka leisakli pheisā rāphurphoka kala Kabowuieina mari, āri hkt. zangphungkhuikasā, ithumwui leilon Meiteishong ngareivāuda Imphal na Manipurwui leisak āching sāthuihaowa.
Okathui Rairei Khare ātamli Tangkhulnao 1500 shakha (kaikhana kahāng 2000) French li khavā mikraklaga hankhaungkathāna, experience māngmajila pheisāla phungungda Vareshirin kala mirinyeili otmangā lungsanmeikhārda haophoka. Ukhrul li SDO office kashoeina āwunga kala lambu bingwui pangshap mataisanga. Lāngmeida khawui tuishot hangashimmāngmajila SDO kārotli ngaheingarok phoka.
Vareshirin hina Tangkhulnaobingli ngashik khangasak thāda, Shangyang Shaiza eina L.A.W. Notha na thānda haokaphoka long (TUEF – TNL) hina khapān rampānli sakkhangarum khuirāmi. Suisa Rungsung wui New Political Organisation na Tangkhul hupva (Somra wui Tangkhul khawung tarāda-ākha ngarumda) yur ākhasāda pānrakajiwui ningphanin lingsangmi. 1950s li Naga ningkhānrin ithumwui āpamli rāshunghairasai. Ceasefire ātamli Naganaobing Tangkhul ngaleili camp semkāda kachungkha rāpama. Naga ningkhānrinna Naganaobingli ningngarum ngasakta, Naga hupva khoka sāda pānphalungrakaji ningphanin leingasaka kala chiwuivāng Naga khokasāda nganingkai. 1964 Ceasefire kaikahaiwui thili Naga ningkhānrinwuivāng ālungkakhaning Tangkhul zanglāka.
Thotrinchān latluida shokada hānga, peida shoklāksikaje phāra. Khare Ceasefire li Naga kathānabing pāmsangmamān ningkhānrin visangmamān. Mithaokida leikasā ātamna, kha yurli leikashe khanuithot kachungkhana āvaram philān khāngkāluishita. Ajawui Ceasefire la ātam kaseisangmamān yurwuivāng malungkachāng suitāmamānhaira, āra huireisuida ngachangkichiura. Wukkakhanangva khanuithotbing yurli kaphaning maleilākthura. Suisa na kahāng thāla, “Yur ngalei maphaning thivāhen” haora. Yurwui maram chiakha pāngkathan ngarokhaira, ālungpāshiwui maram chiakha fakhanāli paikākahai thāhaira. Dimapurliva ālungpāshi ākhavābingwui naongarābing āvā yurwui otsāyada mahānglengmana ji. Ningaikhamā.
Yur kala Yurmachut
Yur ākha khangasā hi yur-jāt khangateina khak zangmi kala yur-jāt ngateiya kaji mikyan leiya. Chieina yurmachut semkakāli ishi-āshida khaingaroklaga nganangkhangarok leizārlāka. “Pairompāshi,” “Napkhopāshi,” “Kachika Mayāng” da ngashimshida hongarokla lei. Ithumeina āthum kathāda ngateihaokhala jiakha āmachutbingmana – tui, shanvai-chonvai, phanit phanao, kashak kazā. Ithumna Meitei tui matuihao, imayurwui shanvai-chonvaili sakta makhuithu, ngakheikhang kahaiya phanit kala kashak kazā maleithuakha ithumla Meiteinao ngayeithui phalunghaowa.
Yur ākha hiya ngalei leiphalunga. Pangkhameiya yur-jātna rairātāda lah wunshimui mimao rāda miramli vāpamhaiakha miramtui matuihaowa, yurmachutla shimānhaowa. Okathuili shimānkahaiya miyurbing āthumwui ngaleieina kashamkahai maningakha maokthuipaithuda hongthui kahaieina māngthuikahaina kachungana. Tangkhul chānchamli “Ngaleina rara” da hānga, marama ngaleina phāwuimi, ngaleina yur ākhana kaji āmachut miya. Chieina khangai-kaphung, lungphek-lungkhur, ngahong-ngayiwui āming leiya kala khararchānla leisera. Shirui kaphung Philāvawui khararchān shāsera. Kaphung chirikha mānglā leimaraolāka. Kaphungwui āmahāsāda Philāvawui khararchān kachungkha lei.
Ngaleina rarhaoda khayāshi kala phāwuimihaoda leishi. Āyār ngaleili pampamlaga Tangkhul kaphungshong yākkāuda masi makhuineneina phanrorakha ningmayunglāka. Rampengzazatlaga ichāram ungkārsangakha leishi. “Kha” eina “Ram” wui khangatei hili leiyada phaninga. “Kha” hiya kachikathā mibing āshang ākhana semkakā longli kahāngna. English eina shamlākeina hāngsa chiakha, polity kajina. “Ram” hiya ngaleili lah leihāli kahāngna. Ringda khaleibing mawon sāthui kahaibingla “ramnao” sera, “ramsā” la zanghaira. Chiwuivāngeina kathenaobing Kazeiramli vāhaowa (ichichā ramli khavākathāna) kala “Ikha” majila “Iram” kajina. Ngaleishimānhao yur ngachanghaowa.
Mikumowui mirinli sakkhamataiya kathum hāngaroksikaje, iwui kaphaningli, kachungawuivāng “shimkhur, yur kala ameoyan” hibinglapai. Shimkhurna khalattawui āmachut miya. Yurna ningrin, ningphanin chuimei kala mashāmei ngasaka. Ameoyanna ringlaga, lāngmeida thikahaiwui thilila kachihān leingasaka. Khisāda nganuilagawui ātam ringphāhao? Marama mirinwui wukkakhanang khi shoknikhala kajiwui khangachi katharin marāshungmana. Khikhikha shoklala āva-āvā leiya kajiwui ningkhalumna ningkachot marāshungmana. “Shimkhur, yur kala ameoyan” na ithumli chikathā ningkhalum miya.
Machukkajakakha khararchānna semkakā sera. Adam eina Eve wuieina haophoklaga
Vareshiwui khamataiya tamkachithei khararchānli zangsermaya. Samsok wuieina haophoklaga Naga kala Tangkhul yurwui rinchānla khararchānmana. Shimkhurwui pangshapla phapeng kala shangwui khararchānli leiya. Okathuili shimān kahaiya yur-jāt kachungkha āmingmāng leili, marama āthum yurwui khararchān shimānhaira. Yurwui khararchān mahāngthu, yurla māngthuihaowa. Yurwui khararchān makapihaithu, yur chi okathuili ātam ākhali leisāya kajila malaihaowa.
Khararchān, ngashan, ngalei – katonga leihailala yur ākha hi makangngasaksa jiakha, nganingtit ngalongrieina zatvāsa jiakha, kachikathā “kākashunga yur ngasāra” kajiwui ningrin leira kala rākharā (naoda) ātamli “ringphākhamei mirin samphangra” kajiwui kachihān leira. Chikathā yurwui kachihān khuikaphunga kathānnali yaruina shura, chithādasāda yurwui otmangā vākhameina.
Yur Shimankapai Maram
Ota hoda 2008 zingkumli Japanese scholar ākha Ukhrul li unglaka ithumwui kharing kharak ungtheilaga āna machukkakhui hithāda kapikahai lei. Āwuivānga Mayāng kachungkha okthuikasā ngaklākeina theikhui, chiwuitungli Dukan kachunga Mayāngna rungdalei, shimkasem, phungung-phungvā kala logistics āthumwui pāngli leidalei. Yaron-ngala shimli otpam masamphangrarthu kajiwuivāng konungli ot phāvāda metropolitan cities li vāpam mamānda lei. Matailakeina ithumwui lansin Government li chihamlaga kala chihānlaga ringda lei.
Ithumna matheikasā mahānglākmana. Ithumla theiya – Ningkhān ngatānmāngmada Indian Government na pheisā chihokhaung chi ngapaipamda lei. Harnaobingli māngaum pangmashunkha wuiakha paiung ngaroklaga ngapaishai khangarok thākahaina. Leisak-leilon mayāngwui pāngli leiya kaji ithumla thei kha rānshokchitheiakha nganāringhaiya. Mik khangapheoali “khangapheoa” da hāngakha nganākashi thākahaina. Satoshi na kahāng, hithāda zatvāshumakha, zingkum maka-thumrāwui thili Tangkhul mishānyei ngateihangeina leisāra.
Tangkhul, hakmeida Naga yur, wui kachihān khikhala kala kali leilikhala? Khipāna khuiphunglikhala? Kathānnabing yurli maleishimana kaji maningmana, masāshapmana kajila maningmana, themthangkhamei theikhavā maleithura kaji maninglākmana. Kha kasak ākhava āthumli yaruiwui shitkasang yaruina kachihān maleithura. Hāngdakhaleiva Tangkhul (Naga) yurwui kachihān, ringphākhamei maiyākhamei ātam chi māmāchā haira, shimānkahai thāhaira.
Yur hi mangāshong mirinli kachihān maleilui, awo-ayiwui ngashanlila sakta makhuilui, ārui-āruiwui ringkhavai tongzākhavaili ngalangkazārli ākachanga rampān ngasāhaira. Tuila shimānkichiura, ngashanla malaikichiura, khararchānla mahāngthura. Meitei-Mayāngli pāmsanglaga suikhanepkhuikatheiyali themthangkhameiya kākashunga sāhaira. Hithāda zatvāshumakha yur shimān phalunghaora.
Ithumwui shimpān rampān, kharing kharak, longnao, kala khangashik ngacheiphalunga kala ngacheiphalungra. Kha ithumwui mirin mataisangkhameiya, yur reisangkhameiya khangachei ngasākhavai ithum khalattana khangacheiwui shongzā chizamiki kajina. Khangachei ātam ālungli phangung-phangvā masāla, ithumna singtitra. Khangacheiwui rao masāla ithumna mungsa jiakha, yur ākhawuivānga khapān rampān ngazipa, āyinwui āzingli ringa. Hikathā yur semkāsa chiakha micham kākashunga ngashan leiphalunga.
Kākashunga ngashanwui shimphung wortamna. Kha Tangkhulwuivānga wortamwui khamatai shimān haira. Ithumwui wortamrin khangazan theingaiakha Ukhrul eina Churachandpur wui school kala college ngatamyanglu. Athumwui libraries lairik puiting, lairik kapābing lumlaophup. Ishi Pettigrew College wui library va rāmnao thāhaira. Haptā khanikha Manipur State Archive li iwui research ungkasā, library kā chirikha thangkachida shirthing Meiteinaobing lairik pāngaroka. Oja Hungyohunglongwui Ramungo Library li haptā ākha shakha lairik ungpākhui, ngachakyāng imāng pamchingmana. Lairik kapā mi marālākthukajira Reading Room chi āra office semkhuihaira.
Ichichā yurwui sārāshumkahaiya wurtam, hāngmaronrākahai khararchān, matuirāshumkahai tui, zatnārākahai ngashan, kala machukrākahai wurthemeina yur semkai. Ithumwui wortamli imaramwui shiyan chikān, wurthem, kala ngashan thukmeida peimeida theikhavā maleithura. Shamlākeina, ithumwui ngashan awo-ayiwui khararchameina ngasun kakhuiya ningchuk, thangmet kala wurthem mazangthura. Awor shimphung makhangavā yur thāhaora.
Yur-jāt kateina ithum ngazankhavai shimānkhavai sāya kaji hi khamashunglāka. Ithumwui khamachuk chiwui ningphaninmāngeina matanghaiāsa. Ithumna theiya, imayur khangazan kateiwui yangshātmāngeina kharāmaningmana. Mikumowui rinchān pāyangakha theira, miyur kateiwui yuishāt yangshāteina yur shimānkahai tānglāka. Makhangazip kala rotkhamarātwuivāng āyārwui kalāshāt rāzangkapaina. Spain na South America yuikakhui, Pringkina India mungkashap, āpam chiwui mibingli shijinlaga sākashapsera.
Shiyan chikān khamayonli micham eina sāchamwui khangatei khaleina. Āyanzā māngkahai yur, shimānkahaiya yur kathāna – mashun maleiluimana, āpam-āpai maphākhuiluimana. Khararchānli kahāngthāla singomli rasa sāuwa, kameoli chānham sāuwa. Awo-ayina yarmikahaiya shiyan chikānwui kakhalat maleiluimara. Pangshap khaleibingna yomshināmlala poksingkapai maleithu, makhangatunbingna nongmei singlaga machitzat, phamashaozat kajieina Meitei-Mayangwui ain āzingli okthuingaikhamei ātam rāra.
Kupkasang
Hikathā ātamli kachikathā āyarwui kaikhāk khangasaka pangshapna rātakkajieina ithum manganingkākharar shokra – āpong ngatateida rāpai, “Chromite mining” chihaolu. Ngama-ngashaongarokta ithum maringrumtheiluimara kaji maningmana. Yarrumkhangai ninghai shimānmamānhao yurmachutla shimānmamānhaora.
Yurmachut shimānhaikha, Tangkhulnaobing thishum-thiyum haora kaji maningmana, kha yur ākhasāda yarkharum kala sakkharumwui kakhalat maleiluimara. Ithumwui ngaleilila ningnganungkhung, maiyārong maringpaithuakha kayākha ningaikhamā ngasāra. Ithumwui okthotli shimānkapai maningmana, kha ithumwui āra-āzā khawon-kashonbingwui ātamli yur ngachangkapai ākhur wutphokmihaira. Suisa na kahāng thāla, “Shokthanghon theikhuira huinākhār.”
Vareshirin kharāeina Tangkhul khawung kachungkhali rotkhamarāt shoka. Kha khapān rampān mangayeithuingasakhaila tamkhuikahaiya Vareshibingna thānda khararthotwui ngashan kala shiyan chikānli āngayung phonkhuilaga Tangkhul yur semkai. Tangkhul luiramli Naga ningkhānrin rākashungeina āthumna ākhokkhasāda mangā khaninga. Chithādasāda ithumwui yurmachut makangngasaka. 2000s wui khangachei hiya ngateihanghailikho, Satoshina kahāngthāla ngaphathuimamānhaira, mataimeikapta yur ning mazangthura, yarruiwui reisang-haksang khavai ningphanin maleithura, yarkharumwui ningai suitāmamānhaira. Hithādasāda ichichāzat sāhaira. Sanamla Ragui na “Tui Sari” li kahāng phaningungsa:
Kazip ātangsā, khalā ngalāyāng,
Ngaruk pheisin kazak ungshung vāshung, Haohao-hāhā kārchām ngaphok mavāshung Chihui yaoyi hangkhāna sheithui.
Harkho pāshā zaila maunglui.
Ākhana mathui, ākhana yorzai. Khamaho hunkha, chinkakā sāngmei Machukchāmchām shaithei kui kai.
Ashan ātun vaiphalung,
Sifa, khi sālui tangkahai
Longthui kahai ‘tam malatunglui.
(This article is republished with permission from ISHI magazine, aiming to reach a wider audience and share its content with more readers.)
